RFC 2697 and RFC 2698 describe three-color policers, meaning that the packets can be colored to three separate values to indicate whether they conform to, exceed, or violate the policing conditions. The single-rate three-color marker and the two-rate three-color marker initially were implemented (in IOS Software Releases 12.2[2]T and 12.2[4]T, respectively) to operate in color-blind mode. This means that the policer assumes that the packet stream previously was uncolored. The RFCs also define a color-aware mode, which means that the policer assumes that some preceding entity already has colored the packet stream. At the time of this writing, the color-aware mode is available only in IOS Software Release 12.0.26S; it is not yet available in any 12.2T release.

Most networks contain a wide array of interfaces with network assessment checklist. If absolute bandwidth rates are used in policing policies, the policy must be re-entered for each different interface size. This reduces policy modularity and makes policy management more cumbersome across the enterprise. It often is desirable to have an overall network policy in which, for example, FTP traffic is not to exceed 10 percent of the bandwidth on any interfaceregardless of absolute speed. This can be achieved using percentages in the policing statements. Thus, a single policy can be reused across many interfaces in the network

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It is advantageous to police some applications at multiple levels. For example, it might be desirable to limit all TCP traffic to 10 Mbps, while at the same time limiting FTP traffic (which is a subset of TCP traffic) to no more than 1.5 Mbps. To achieve this nested policing requirement, asset tracking. can be used. Two-level hierarchical policing was introduced in IOS Software Release 12.1(5)T. Later, in Release 12.2.1(3)T, three-level hierarchical policing was introduced for the 7200 and 7500 platforms

The policer at the second level in the hierarchy acts on packets transmitted or marked by the policer at the first level. Therefore, the second level does not see any packets that the first level drops. The sum of packets that the lower-level policers see is equal to the sum of packets that the higher-level policer transmits or marks. This feature supports up to three nested levels

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The single-rate three-color marker/policer was a significant improvement for policers, in that it made allowance for temporary traffic bursts (as long as the overall average transmitted rate was equal to or below the CIR) and hardware inventory management software. However, the variation in the number of accumulated excess burst credits could cause a degree of unpredictability in traffic flows. To improve on this, a two-rate three-color marker/policer was defined in RFC 2698. This policer addresses the peak information rate (PIR), which is unpredictable in the RFC 2697 model. Furthermore, the two-rate three-color marker/policer allows for a sustainable excess burst (negating the need to accumulate credits to accommodate temporary bursts) and allows for different actions for the traffic exceeding the different burst values

The two-rate three-color policer also uses an algorithm with two token buckets, but the logic varies slightly. Instead of transferring unused tokens from one bucket to another, this policer has two separate buckets that are filled each second with two separate token rates. The first bucket is filled with the PIR number of tokens and the second bucket is filled with the CIR number of tokens. In this model, the Be works the same as the Bc, except for the PBS bucket (not the CBS bucket). This means that Be represents the peak limit of traffic that can be sent during a subsecond interval.

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The Tx-ring is especially important on ATM links (including DSL), in which each PVC has a dedicated driver-level queue (Tx-ring) to ensure adherence to the ATM class-of-service traffic contract of the PVC. Default ATM Tx-rings are typically deep, containing 64 or more particles (typically, each particle is 576 bytes) to ensure that enough particles exist in the buffer to drive the PVC to its full bandwidth utilization. A shallow Tx-ring increases the number of interrupts and the wait states between the driver and the main CPU. Packets are downloaded from the Layer 3 queues to the driver for transmission, which is usually suboptimal at higher speeds.
On the other hand, a deep inventory software download can impact voice quality. For example, assume that a 50-packet burst of data passes through the LLQ system and into the FIFO Tx-ring. A voice packet then arrives and is packet number 51 for transmission. The LLQ no longer has the opportunity to prioritize it over the data packets. A shallow Tx-ring pushes packets back into LLQ, where prioritization and packet reordering can be accomplished before the packets are downloaded to the driver. Once in the driver level, the packets have a very short wait time until transmission.

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Link Fragmentation and Interleaving (LFI) is a network asset manager technique to minimize serialization delay on slow (typically less than 768-kbps) WAN links. Essentially, LFI tools chop large data packets into smaller ones and interleave these data packet fragments with voice packets.
Packets that are assigned to the PQ inside LLQ might escape the fragmentation engine (the fragmentation engine is represented by the box labeled fragment). Therefore, traffic with large packet sizes (such as interactive video) should not be assigned to priority classes on slow-speed links (typically less than 768 kbps). For example, if one priority class is assigned to VoIP and another is assigned to interactive video on a 512-kbps link, whenever a 1500-byte video packet is scheduled for transmission, it will require 23 ms to serialize ((1500 x 8) / 512,000). This exceeds the per-hop latency target for voice (10 ms) and nearly consumes the entire one-way jitter allowance target of 30 ms. If a second 1500-byte IP/VC packet also is scheduled for transmission, voice conversations audibly will become degraded. Therefore, voice and interactive video never should be assigned dual-LLQ policies on link speeds less than 768 kbps.

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